Whats Next for Processors After Silicon?

Over the last 40 years, chip makers have steadily increased the speed and muscle of computers, cell phones and communications networks by reducing the size and increasing the number of silicon transistors. Up until now, the number of transistors packed on a silicon computer chip have doubled every 18 to 24 months (Moore’s Law). Modern chips currently hold approximately 2 billion transistors however chip designers are quickly reaching the physical limits of this technology. Processors require more trace elements which are primarily supplied by China who holds the keys to distribution.

To quote Craig Sander, Corporate Vice President of Technology Development for Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), a chipmaker in Sunnyvale, California, “The real magic of integrated circuit technology has been that we can increase the density while reducing the cost. The silicon chip has had an incredible influence on technology”.

Beyond Silicon – How Graphene Could Revolutionize Electronics
Researchers in the United Kingdom, Texas and Georgia have recently rediscovered Graphene, once thought to be a technologically unimportant material. It is a flat sheet of pure carbon rings one atom thick with possible applications in computer chip design, communication products and touch screens. Physicists at the University of Manchester in England uncovered some interesting properties of Graphene. Electrons travel through it 100 times easier than silicon. Being a two dimensional material, it may be possible to build smaller devices with greater control of electrical flow.

Walt de Heer, a physicist at Georgia Tech believes Graphene can operate at terahertz frequencies and compute trillions of operations per second while producing much less heat than current silicon chips. Graphene does have one large drawback. It currently can’t act like a switch which is crucial for performing as a true semiconductor.

Alternative Materials
Attempts are being made to mix other materials with silicon to achieve greater chip capacity Gallium arsenide, and carbon nanotubes are being studied. Billion dollar investments are required by chip makers to ensure the compatibility of various alternative materials when combined with silicon. It has been reported that previously incompatible materials are now compatible with nano materials.

Intel has successfully devised a method of growing Gallium arsenide in thin layers directly on top of silicon wafers. Gallium arsenide operates at much greater speeds than silicon and produces less heat.

The Nanoelectronics Research Initiative is actively researching new physical switching mechanisms that don’t require an electronic charge. This research and a 16 nm transistor design breakthrough by AMD may well allow Moore’s Law to continue well beyond 2020.

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If current news is any indication, Nanotechnology is poised to play a significant role in the development of clean, less expensive energy. The potential of nanotechnology for solving some of today’s greatest energy challenges is vast.

Nanotechnology refers broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on the molecular level in scales smaller than one micrometer, normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices within that size range. For scale, a single virus particle is about 100 nanometers in width.

Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.”

At this size dimension, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms, molecules, or bulk matter. The properties displayed at the nanoscale create a host of potential innovative uses for nanomaterials. One of these uses includes the creation of exciting and revolutionary energy applications. These potential nanoscale energy applications apply to a host of different sources of energy, including hydrogen, geothermal, unconventional natural gas, fission, and solar energy.

While hydrogen is an energy storage medium, it is not a primary energy source. Therefore, full realization of hydrogen as an alternative energy source is frustrated by gaps in technology, which do not precipitate the efficient and cost-effective storage and transport of hydrogen. Nanoscience provides new approaches to basic questions about the interaction of hydrogen with materials to enable the efficient and cost-effective storage and transport of hydrogen.

Applying nanotechnology to geothermal energy increases the opportunities to develop geothermal resources by enhancing thermal conductivity or aiding in the development of noncorrosive materials that could be used for geothermal energy production.

The recovery of unconventional sources of natural gas is yet another potential application of nanotechnology. Unconventional sources of natural gas include tight sandstones, shale gas, and coal bed methane. Nanotechnology applications may prove useful in accessing or exploiting these unconventional natural gas sources. For instance, nanocatalysts and nanoscale membranes may prove useful in assisting in Gas to Liquids production. Furthermore, certain nanostructured materials may assist in compressed natural gas transport.

Nanotechnology may also prove useful in solving the waste problems of the nuclear energy industry. For instance, certain nano-engineered barriers may prove useful in preventing the migration of or containing nuclear waste products.

Nanotechnology applications may assist in making solar energy

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Nanotechnology Market Forecast Report ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Nanotechnology-Market-Forecast.html ) provides the information about the emerging trends of Nanotechnology Market.

Nanotechnology is going to pave the way for a revolution in materials, information and communication technology, medicine, genetics and so on as it starts moving from the laboratories to new markets. It helps to improve products and production processes with better characteristics or new functionalities. In coming years, products based on nanotechnology are expected to impact nearly all-industrial sectors and will enter the consumer markets in large quantities. Considering the future prospects of nanotechnology, countries across the world are investing heavily in this sector.

The global market for nanotechnologies is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 20% till 2013. “Nanotechnology Market Forecast to 2013”  report also projects that market for nanotechnology incorporated in manufactured goods will worth US$ 1.6 Trillion, representing a CAGR of more than 49% in the forecast period (2009-2013). This growth will largely be driven by massive investment in nanotechnology R&D by both governments and corporates across the world.

According to our report findings, at the regional level, the Asia-Pacific region will experience the fastest growth in market for nanotechnology enabled goods, with CAGR pegged at around 52% in the forecast period, followed by Europe. The recent moves by the emerging markets such as India, China and Russia in the field of nanotechnology research and development will continue to the most prominent factors behind the growth in these countries.

Our updated and detailed research report evaluates  an overview of emerging trends. The report has segmented the nanotechnology market by application and R&D investment. It discusses the nanotechnology market by key countries showing their prominence in the sector together with the emerging nations in the domain. Besides, the report covers various growth potential areas in the nanotechnology market at the global level.
 

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This textbook is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary account of the technology and science underpinning nanoelectronics, covering the underlying physics, nanostructures, nanomaterials, and nanodevices. It provides a unifying framework for the basic ideas needed to understand the developments in the field. After introducing the recent trends in semiconductor and device nanotechnologies, as well as novel device concepts, the methods of growth, fabrication and characterization of materials for nanoe

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Nanotechnology is my main interest. If there are other undergraduate courses after which I can do postgraduation in nanotechnology, please let me know. Thanks a lot!

Best answer:

Answer by energeticthinker
I believe that you need to get a ‘graduate’ degree before you can do postgraduate work.

Check out the Materials Engineering programs at colleges/universities that you might be interested in attending graduate school at.

Check out the research activities of the Materials Engineering professors. (This should be listed on the department’s website). Find one (or more) professors in that department that seem to be working on nanotech. Contact them to find out more about your chances of doing such research as a grad (or postgrad) student/researcher.

Good luck.

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Best answer:

Answer by g shock
BU College of Engineering , Florida International University , University of Malta, & many in europe,

Add your own answer in the comments!

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Nanotechnology Market Forecast Report ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Nanotechnology-Market-Forecast.html ) provides the information about the emerging trends of Nanotechnology Market.

Nanotechnology is going to pave the way for a revolution in materials, information and communication technology, medicine, genetics and so on as it starts moving from the laboratories to new markets. It helps to improve products and production processes with better characteristics or new functionalities. In coming years, products based on nanotechnology are expected to impact nearly all-industrial sectors and will enter the consumer markets in large quantities. Considering the future prospects of nanotechnology, countries across the world are investing heavily in this sector.

The global market for nanotechnologies is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 20% till 2013. “Nanotechnology Market Forecast to 2013”  report also projects that market for nanotechnology incorporated in manufactured goods will worth US$ 1.6 Trillion, representing a CAGR of more than 49% in the forecast period (2009-2013). This growth will largely be driven by massive investment in nanotechnology R&D by both governments and corporates across the world.

According to our report findings, at the regional level, the Asia-Pacific region will experience the fastest growth in market for nanotechnology enabled goods, with CAGR pegged at around 52% in the forecast period, followed by Europe. The recent moves by the emerging markets such as India, China and Russia in the field of nanotechnology research and development will continue to the most prominent factors behind the growth in these countries.

Our updated and detailed research report evaluates  an overview of emerging trends. The report has segmented the nanotechnology market by application and R&D investment. It discusses the nanotechnology market by key countries showing their prominence in the sector together with the emerging nations in the domain. Besides, the report covers various growth potential areas in the nanotechnology market at the global level.
 

Contact us at :

Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: 91 22 27578668
Fax: 91 22 27579131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com

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Welcome to Nanoelectronic Sales. Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology on electronic  components, especially transistors. Although the term nanotechnology  is generally defined as utilizing technology less than 100 nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.

Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are significantly different from traditional transistors. Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics.

Although all of these hold promise for the future, they are still under development and will most likely not be used for manufacturing any time soon.

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WSU professor Jose Delgado-Frias is working to advance the world of computer hardware by merging the fields of digital technology and nanoelectronics. Using carbon nanotubes, he hopes to improve the speed, size and reliability of the microprocessor enabling it to push the power of electronics to levels previously thought impossible.
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www.eee.manchester.ac.uk The Microelectronics and Nanostructures group in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering is offering a 12 month MSc course in Nanoelectronics, a field that merges semiconductor based Nanotechnology with the need for ever smaller electronic devices. This course is offered to a limited number (around 15) of highly qualified students who will learn first hand about – State-of-the art organic and inorganic semiconductor nanostructures – Use of device fabrication techniques to produce nanoscale electronic components – Modern experimental analytical techniques in characterisation of semiconductor materials and assessment of devices – Inner workings of real nanoscale devices such as Quantum Dot Lasers – The latest computer modelling techniques of nanoscale structures and devices Successful students will also have the opportunity to: – Be taught by active researchers at the forefront of the field of Nanotechnology – Make practical use of research equipment – Perform projects within active research laboratories – Expand their career opportunities in both Academia and Industry
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Introduction to nanotechnology manipulates the atomic properties of nanotechnology materials. Nanotechnology is the broad classification of applied science and technologies evolving around. Nanotechnology comprises of physics, material science, and applied science different disciplines. The characteristic of nanotechnology will be different and it comes up with standard features and techniques. It is designed and produced specifically to meet wide applications. It is used to control, manipulate the molecular level of the scale and it ranges with regards to the fabrication devices.

Nanotechnology in medicine has been made with regards to nanotechnology research and nanotechnology reports. Generally, Nanotechnologies have been classified under multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary field of science and technology and more nanotechnology materials have been updated constantly. It is confined has mechanical and electrical engineering. The popular nanotechnology among the customer is molecular nanotechnology which is used to operate molecular scale. The main purpose of introduction to nanotechnology is that it produces desire structure or device using principles.

Nanotechnology uses more techniques and tools for its updating. Nanotechnology includes techniques for fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition. With regards to nanotechnology research and nanotechnology reports, it is come to know that it is possible to measure nanostructures and it is functionality. Nanotechnology can be used for wide applications and it has been designed specifically to meet the requirement of the customers around the world. Nanotechnology is an extension of existing sciences which interprets as nano scale or as recasting of existing science using new technology research.

Nanotechnology research has been made continuously to update technology using different techniques and tools available in the world. New technologies have been used to measure the molecular interactions that take place. Two different approaches have been insisted in nanotechnology to control, assist and to manipulate the molecular level of the scales. The fabrication techniques used ranges and the applications of structures differ. The design, devices for nanotechnology used for production to control the manipulation of size and shape of the scale which produces structural and characteristic for the technology updated.

Nanotechnology uses techniques to suit for applications such as field emission, plastics, energy storage, adhesives/connectors, molecular electronics, fibers and fabrics and for other applications. More number of manufacturers is interested in manufacturing tools required for nanotechnology and they provides and update for reasonable price consideration. To use nanotechnology or its updating, more assumption

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